Neural connectivity patterns explain why adolescents perceive the world as moving slow

That younger individuals perceive the world as moving slower than adults is a familiar phenomenon. Yet, it remains an open question why that is. Using event segmentation theory, electroencephalogram (EEG) beamforming and nonlinear causal relationship estimation using artificial neural network methods, we studied neural activity while adolescent and adult participants segmented a movie. We show when participants were instructed to segment a movie into meaningful units, adolescents partitioned incoming information into fewer encapsulated segments or episodes of longer duration than adults. Importantly, directed communication between medial frontal and lower-level perceptual areas and between occipito-temporal regions in specific neural oscillation spectrums explained behavioral differences between groups. Overall, the study reveals that a different organization of directed communication between brain regions and inefficient transmission of information between brain regions are key to understand why younger people perceive the world as moving slow.


Alpha Frequency Band
Supplemental Table 3

Results of nCREANN Analysis After Surrogate Testing: Non-Linear Connectivity
All connectivity values were multiplied by 100 for a more comprehensible presentation.The significant connections (those that exceeded 90% of the surrogate data) were averaged across subjects in each group for non-linear connectivity.

Theta Frequency Band
Supplemental Table 7. Non-Linear Connectivity in Theta Frequency Band in Adults.

Results of nCREANN Analysis Without Surrogate Testing: Non-Linear Connectivity
All connectivity values were multiplied by 100 for a more comprehensible presentation.The average of all non-linear connectivity values used as threshold was at 1.569.

Theta Frequency Band
Supplemental Table 19

Results of Partial Correlational Analysis Between Connectivity Values and Behavioral
Theta Frequency Band Supplemental Table 25 Testing Supplemental Fig. 1 -nCREANN Connectivity for Adults and Adolescents.The nCREANN Linear and Non-Linear connectivity between brain regions for each frequency band before the surrogate testing.The blue arrows in figure part (a) represent Linear connectivity and the red arrows in figure part (b) represent Non-Linear connectivity.IT = inferior temporal cortex, FT = fronto-temporal cortex, TO = temporo-occipital cortex, MF = medial frontal cortex.

Table 4 .
. Linear Connectivity in Alpha Frequency Band in Adults.Linear Connectivity in Alpha Frequency Band in Adolescents.TO = temporo-occipital cortex, MF = medial frontal cortex.

Table 8 .
Non-Linear Connectivity in Theta Frequency Band in Adolescents.

Table 9 .
Non-Linear Connectivity in Alpha Frequency Band in Adults.

Table 10 .
Non-Linear Connectivity in Alpha Frequency Band in Adolescents.

Table 11 .
Non-Linear Connectivity in Beta Frequency Band in Adults.

Table 12 .
Non-Linear Connectivity in Beta Frequency Band in Adolescents.

Results of nCREANN Analysis Without Surrogate Testing: Linear Connectivity All
connectivity values were multiplied by 100 for a more comprehensible presentation.

Table 13 .
Linear Connectivity in Theta Frequency Band in Adults.Note.IT = inferior temporal cortex, TO = temporo-occipital cortex, MF = medial frontal cortex.

Table 16 .
Linear Connectivity in Alpha Frequency Band in Adolescents.TO = temporo-occipital cortex, MF = medial frontal cortex.

Table 17 .
Linear Connectivity in Beta Frequency Band in Adults.Note.IT = inferior temporal cortex, TO = temporo-occipital cortex.

Table 18 .
Linear Connectivity in Beta Frequency Band in Adolescents.

Table 21 .
. Non-Linear Connectivity in Theta Frequency Band in Adults.IT = inferior temporal cortex, FT = fronto-temporal cortex, TO = temporo-occipital cortex, MF = medial frontal cortex.Supplemental Table20.Non-Linear Connectivity in Theta Frequency Band in Adolescents.Non-Linear Connectivity in Alpha Frequency Band in Adults.

Table 22 .
Non-Linear Connectivity in Alpha Frequency Band in Adolescents.TO = temporo-occipital cortex, MF = medial frontal cortex.

Table 23 .
Non-Linear Connectivity in Beta Frequency Band in Adults.Note.IT = inferior temporal cortex, TO = temporo-occipital cortex.

Table 24 .
Non-Linear Connectivity in Beta Frequency Band in Adolescents.

Table 26 .
. Partial Correlations of the Behavioral Segmentation Probability with the Linear Connectivity in Theta Frequency Band in Adults.Partial Correlations of the Behavioral Segmentation Probability with the Linear Connectivity in Theta Frequency Band in Adolescents.

Table 27 .
Partial Correlations of the Behavioral Segmentation Probability with the Non-Linear Connectivity in Theta Frequency Band in Adults.

Table 28 .
Partial Correlations of the Behavioral Segmentation Probability with the Non-Linear Connectivity in Theta Frequency Band in Adolescents.

Table 29 .
Partial Correlations of the Behavioral Segmentation Probability with the Linear Connectivity in Alpha Frequency Band in Adults.

Table 30 .
Partial Correlations of the Behavioral Segmentation Probability with the Linear Connectivity in Alpha Frequency Band in Adolescents.

Table 31 .
Partial Correlations of the Behavioral Segmentation Probability with the Non-Linear Connectivity in Alpha Frequency Band in Adults.

Table 32 .
Partial Correlations of the Behavioral Segmentation Probability with the Non-Linear Connectivity in Alpha Frequency Band in Adolescents.Non-Linear Connectivity in Beta Frequency Band in Adolescents. the

of nCREANN Analysis After Surrogate Testing for No Boundary Interval (NBI): Linear Connectivity
All connectivity values were multiplied by 100 for a more comprehensible presentation.The significant connections (those that exceeded 90% of the surrogate data) were averaged across subjects in each group for linear connectivity.

Table 38 .
Linear Connectivity in Theta Frequency Band in Adults.